ENERGY
Caffeine: enhances energy, alertness, and overall exercise performance. Caffeine has demonstrated benefits across multiple performance dimensions, including strength, power, and endurance.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine: supports energy production by shuttling long chain fatty acids into mitochondria to increase fat metabolism. Further evidence suggests it may protect cellular membranes from oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and increase nitric oxide levels.
PUMP
Citrulline Malate (2:1): boosts nitric oxide production in the body, which improves blood flow (causing cellular swelling, aka the “pump”), leading to better nutrient delivery to muscles and improved exercise performance. The pump has been shown to mediate increases in muscle protein synthesis and decreased protein degradation.
Betaine: increases nitric oxide and helps regulate cellular fluid volume, contributing to better pumps. Betaine has also demonstrated improved work capacity, body composition, muscle size, and power.
FOCUS
Alpha-GPC: a cholinergic compound that enhances cognitive function and increases power output. It is believed to support focus and mind-muscle connection during workouts and may help prevent cognitive decline.
L-Theanine: an amino acid that promotes relaxation without causing drowsiness. It is often combined with caffeine to provide a balanced and focused energy boost. L-theanine has also been shown to blunt both caffeine’s blood-pressure-increasing effects and its sleep-disrupting effects.
L-Tyrosine: a precursor to neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine that helps improve focus, mental alertness, and mood during exercise.
HYDRATION
Optimal combination of sodium, potassium, and magnesium to support electrolyte balance, nerve transmission, and proper muscle function. Magnesium, for example, is a cofactor involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body and is critical in many ATP-generating reactions (our energy “currency”).
ENDURANCE
Beta Alanine: a precursor to carnosine, a dipeptide that helps buffer lactic acid in muscles, beta alanine delays the onset of muscle fatigue during intense exercise.
Taurine: an amino acid that has been shown to improve cardiac output and stroke volume, providing endurance benefits. Taurine also exerts antioxidant effects and enhances vasodilation, leading to an increase in blood flow.
